Directing stem cells and progenitors towards neuronal differentiation

نویسنده

  • Anke Brederlau
چکیده

Directing stem cells and progenitors towards neuronal differentiation – implications for experimental therapies for Parkinson’s disease Anke Brederlau Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Sweden. The insight that stemand progenitor-cells contribute to replacement of nerve cells in the adult central nervous system is the basis of modern therapies for structural brain repair. Their goal is to protect, support and stimulate endogenous stem cells in areas affected by disease and to replace lost cells by transplanting in vitro generated, tailored nerve cells. In the present thesis growth factors and signaling molecules were investigated for their potential to direct stemand neural progenitorcells towards neuronal cell fate. Involved signaling pathways were characterized and candidate molecules identified that might be beneficial for cell-based therapies in Parkinson’s disease. Results show that Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) and Growth Differentiation Factors increase astroglial differentiation while inhibiting oligodendrocyte maturation in rat embryonic mesencephalic culture. None of the factors protect dopaminergic neurons against oxidative radicals in vitro. BMP5, 6 and 7, however, promote dopaminergic differentiation by directly targeting the neuronal cell population. In cultures of adult rat hippocampus-derived progenitors (AHPs), endogenous BMPs were found to increase undesired astroglial differentiation via the BMP type I receptors ALK6 and ALK2. By viral transduction of dominant negative ALK2 or ALK6, respectively, BMP signaling was blocked in order to inhibit astroglial cell differentiation. Indeed, the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker for astrocytes, decreased. The number of oligodendrocytes increased and neurons were not affected. However, the strategy proved impractical since it induced cell death. RT-PCR results indicate that only the ALK6, but not the ALK2 receptor, is dynamically regulated in these cultures, suggesting that ALK6 is mainly responsible for glial differentiation and survival of AHPs. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme involved in apoptosis. Overexpression of its constitutively active form induced neuronal differentiation in AHP culture. At the same time GFAP expression was inhibited. The effect is mediated via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and via inhibition of GFAP promoter activity. In order to generate transplantable dopaminergic neurons, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) were cocultured with the stromal cell line PA6, known to instruct mouse and primate ESCs towards dopaminergic cell fate. About 11% of hESCs developed into tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH-pos) neurons with CNS identity. The hESC-derived neurons displayed action potential in vitro. However, they did not induce behavioral recovery after transplantation to the 6-hy-droxydopamine -lesioned rat striatum. Extended differentiation time on PA6 in vitro decreased the risk for teratoma formation after transplantation, but did not elevate the low number of TH-pos neurons in the graft. In conclusion, certain BMPs as well as ASK1 have been identified as molecules that increase neuronal differentiation. Their putative role in experimental CNS cell therapies is discussed. At the moment, however, the gap between experimental systems and biological reality is difficult to overcome. Further investigations that are necessary to reduce safety concerns in cell-based treatment strategies are outlined. POPULÄRVETENSKAPLIG SAMMANFATTNING I Sverige finns cirka 15 000 människor med Parkinsons sjukdom. De flesta är över 50 år och har långsamt tilltagande symtom i form av stelhet och skakningar som beror på att signalsubstansen dopamin saknas i hjärnan. Dopamin produceras av nervceller i mellanhjärnan vilka långsamt bryts ned vid Parkinsons sjukdom. Moderna terapier syftar till att skydda, stödja eller ersätta dessa celler. De första celltransplantationerna utfördes för nästan 20 år sedan. Alla av de idag transplanterade patienterna har erhållit dopaminproducerande celler tagna från mellanhjärnan av embryoner. Möjliga alternativa cellkällor är embryonala stemceller eller omogna hjärnceller, så kallade progenitorer. Till skillnad från mellanhjärnsceller kan de två sistnämnda förökas genom odling. Med hjälp av tillväxtfaktorer eller signalproteiner måste de dock först utvecklas till nervceller innan de kan transplanteras. Syftet med avhandlingens olika studier var att hitta substanser som kan användas i denna process och att förstå deras mekanismer. Celler tagna från mellanhjärnan hos råttfoster odlades och behandlades med olika tillväxtfaktorer. Faktorerna ”bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 5, 6 och 7” ökade antalet dopaminproducerande celler genom att omvandla omogna nervceller till mogna. Ingen av faktorerna kunde dock skydda cellerna mot det toxiska ämnet 6-hydroxydopamin som tycks bidra till utvecklingen av nervcelldöd vid Parkinsons sjukdom. Hippocampus är ett av de två områden i den vuxna hjärnan där progenitorer finns och en ständig nybildning av nervceller pågår. I odlade hippocampala progenitorceller tagna från vuxna råttor orsakar BMP-faktorerna en oönskad ökning av stödjeceller (astrocyter), vilket kan ha en negativ inverkan på nervcellernas funktion efter transplantationen. För att förhindra utvecklingen av stödjeceller blockerades BMP:s signalering genom att introducera ickefungerande BMP-receptorer i dessa omogna cellerna. Receptorerna binder BMPs men kan inte vidarebefordra signalen till cellerna. Som förväntat avtog antalet stödjeceller medan nervcellerna förblev opåverkade. Eftersom blockeringen av BMP också orsakade celldöd kommer denna strategi inte att kunna användas för att minska stödjeceller . Studien visade att bara en av de tre undersökta BMP-receptorerna, ALK6, regleras dynamiskt av cellerna, vilket tyder på att det är ALK6 som ansvarar för stödjecellbildning och dess överlevnad i odlingen av hippocampala progenitorer. Genom att införa ett annat protein ”apoptosis signalling kinase 1 (ASK1)” i liknande cellkultur ökades antalet av nybildade nervceller samtidigt som astrocyter minskades och utan att celldöd orsakades. Det kunde påvisas att detta skedde via aktivering av ett enzym, ”p38 mitogen-aktiverad protein kinas”. Enzymet bidrar till att ett viktigt strukturprotein, gliafibrillärt surt protein (GFAP), inte kan bildas i stödjecellerna. Dessutom har dopaminproducerande celler framställts från humana embryonala stamceller och transplanterats i råtthjärnor till det område där dopamin saknas. Efter transplantationen minskade dock antalet dopaminproducerande celler i transplantatet. Råttornas rörlighet förbättrades således inte. En möjlig risk med denna terapimetod är att dessa celler kan bilda tumörer. Risken minskades genom att, före transplantationen, öka cellernas mognadsgrad i kultur. Sammanfattningsvis påvisades att BMP5, 6 och 7 så väl som ASK1 har en gynnsam effekt på utvecklingen av nervceller i olika stadier och kan få betydelse för experimentella terapiformer mot Parkinsons sjukdom. Idag är riskerna med cellterapier dock inte tillräckligt studerade och den eventuella kliniska användningen av dessa substanser ligger därför långt fram i tiden. I diskussionen föreslås några fortsatta studier som skulle kunna bidra till vidare utveckling av cellterapi och dess säkerhet. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS This thesis is based on the following articles, which will be referred to in the text by their Roman numerals I. Brederlau A, Faigle R, Kaplan P, Odin P, Funa K. Bone morphogenetic proteins but not growth differentiation factors induce dopaminergic differentiation in mesencephalic precursors. Mol Cell Neurosci 2002, 21(3):367-378. II. Brederlau A, Faigle R, Elmi M, Zarebski A, Sjoberg S, Fujii M, Miyazono K, Funa K. The bone morphogenetic protein type Ib receptor is a major mediator of glial differentiation and cell survival in adult hippocampal progenitor cell culture. Mol Biol Cell 2004, 15(8):3863-3875. III. Faigle R, Brederlau A, Elmi M, Arvidsson Y, Hamazaki TS, Uramoto H, Funa K. ASK1 inhibits astroglial development via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and promotes neuronal differentiation in adult hippocampus-derived progenitor cells. Mol Cell Biol 2004, 24(1):280-293 IV. Brederlau A*, Correia AS*, Anisimov SV, Elmi M, Paul G, Roybon L, Morizane A, Bergquist F, Riebe I, Nannmark U, Carta M, Hanse E, Takahashi J, Sasai Y, Funa K, Brundin P, Eriksson PS, Li JY. Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cells to a rat model of Parkinson's disease: effect of in vitro differentiation on graft survival and teratoma formation. Stem Cells 2006, 24(6):1433-1440. * joint first authors ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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تاریخ انتشار 2008